{"id":1223,"date":"2021-04-14T05:03:36","date_gmt":"2021-04-14T00:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/?p=1223"},"modified":"2021-04-14T05:03:40","modified_gmt":"2021-04-14T00:03:40","slug":"should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Should Pakistan Shift to a Proportional Representation Electoral System?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By Raja Rafiullah<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Politics in Pakistan like in most other regions of the world is increasingly complex. Issues such as dynastic politics, elite capture and persistence of extractive institutions characterizes the country\u2019s politics. These issues mostly are deep-rooted structural issues that have no straightforward solutions. There are other issues that might be relatively easier to address. One such issue pertains to the plurality based system of election in Pakistan. There is increasing evidence that the plurality system, also known as <em>\u201cfirst-past-the-post (FPTP)\u201d<\/em> system, has led to parties that don\u2019t get majority votes forming governments that can be described as not truly representative of the aggregate will of the electorate.<a href=\"#_edn1\">[i]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in the last two General Elections for the\nNational Assembly (NA), PLMN (2013) <a href=\"#_edn2\">[ii]<\/a>\nand PTI (2018) <a href=\"#_edn3\">[iii]<\/a>\nwon 33 percent and 32 percent of votes respectively and yet were still able to\nform majority governments by bringing in independent winning candidates and\nMNAs from various regional parties. In simpler terms, it means that every 2 in\n3 of those people who cast their votes did not vote for the party that\neventually formed the government in both 2013 and 2018. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"841\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-3.png 841w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-3-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-3-768x249.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 841px) 100vw, 841px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2013, PML-N despite only receiving about 33 percent of\nthe total votes cast that year ended up with 49 percent of the total seats in\nNA. Similarly, in the last elections PTI received about 32 percent of the votes\nand ended up with 44 percent of seats in NA. This disproportionality is a\ndirect consequence of the \u2018First-Past-The-Post\u2019 system that the country\nfollows. The current system only allows for single-member constituencies with\nplurality voting i.e. only one member per each constituency with most votes is\nelected to the legislature.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The current system is one that the country inherited upon\nits independence from the British Empire, and it\u2019s largely owing to convention\nthat the country has persisted with its use. While it is true that some of the\ncountries that were traditionally part of the British Empire still maintain the\nFPTP\/Plurality system, the system has been replaced by majority of the\ncountries worldwide who instead implement varying forms of more proportional\nsystems. The map below<a href=\"#_edn4\"><strong>[iv]<\/strong><\/a>\nshows that only a few countries still adhere to the FPTP\/Plurality system of\nelection.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"682\" height=\"583\" src=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-4.png 682w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-4-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-4-351x300.png 351w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In reality, as the map above shows, Pakistan too also\ndoesn\u2019t have a purely FPTP\/Plurality system anymore, as currently reserved\nseats for women and minorities are allocated to parties in proportion to the\npercentage of votes they get in the elections respectively. Despite this, for\nall elected constituencies, the country still adheres to the single-member\nconstituency plurality electoral system. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proponents of the FPTP\/Plurality system often cite the fact that one significant advantage that this system has is its simplicity in both understanding and implementation as compared to the various forms of proportional electoral system. They argue that for a proportional system to be effectively adopted the population needs to be highly literate, something that is not the ground reality in Pakistan. This view however is not entirely true as there are many proportional systems that are not convoluted and hold the key towards electing governments that are representative and truly reflect the collective will of the electorate. One such system is called \u2018ranked-choice voting\u2019 in which instead of the candidate winning the most votes getting elected, a candidate has to gain majority vote (at least 50%) in order to get elected from the constituency. &nbsp;Following table lists out key differences between the FPTP\/Plurality system and the Ranked-Choice electoral system for a single constituency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"858\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-5.png 858w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-5-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-5-768x542.png 768w, https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image-5-425x300.png 425w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ranked-Choice system through a clever ranking system\ncombined with recounting means that winning candidate for a constituency has\nthrough an indirect method a claim to be being elected by the majority of the\nelectorate.&nbsp; This then on a macro-level\ntranslates into parties being selected with higher number of aggregate votes\nwhich are more in line with the resulting percentage seats that are allocated\nto them in the legislature. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ranked-Choice system is just one example of several\ndifferent systems that can be used to elect more representative governments\nthat are proportionally in-line with actual number of votes that respective\ncompeting parties gain. Another additional possibility that should potentially\nbe explored is to introduce multi-member constituencies instead of the current\nsingle-member constituencies. There is a plausible argument to be had that\nthose constituencies that have markedly more number of total votes should have\nthe provision of multiple winning candidates being selected to the legislature.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a nutshell, changes to the electoral system will not be\neasy to introduce and will initially require considerable political and\ninstitutional will. Nevertheless, once electoral workers have been trained and\na proportional system implemented, the country will benefit from having\nrepresentative governments. Time and again, in Pakistan it is often observed\nthat population quickly gets disaffected by elected governments leading to\nvarious forms of non-democratic means including \u2018street-politics\u2019 being\nemployed by opposition parties. The fact that the current system allows for a\nparty for whom every 2 in 3 voters have not voted is invariably linked to such\nagitation. A proportional system for elected constituencies will be a\nsignificant step towards representative governments that reflect the collective\nwill of the electorate.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>\nHaque, Nadeem &amp; Ullah, Raja, Towards a Stable Economy &amp; Politics, PIDE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a>\nGeneral Elections 2013 Report, Election Commission of Pakistan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\">[iii]<\/a>\nGeneral Elections 2018, Election Commission of Pakistan <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\">[iv]<\/a>\nElectoral Systems Around The World, FairVote.org <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two-thirds of voters did not vote for the party which ultimately formed the government in both 2013 and 2018 General Elections respectively. The system of First Past the Post (FPTP) and Single-Member Electoral Districts are contributing reasons. With majority of the democracies worldwide having some form of a proportional electoral system, perhaps it is time for Pakistan to shift to a fully proportional system too. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1227,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,6,7],"tags":[401,399,400,403,398,402],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Should Pakistan Shift to a Proportional Representation Electoral System? - PIDE Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Should Pakistan Shift to a Proportional Representation Electoral System? - PIDE Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Two-thirds of voters did not vote for the party which ultimately formed the government in both 2013 and 2018 General Elections respectively. The system of First Past the Post (FPTP) and Single-Member Electoral Districts are contributing reasons. With majority of the democracies worldwide having some form of a proportional electoral system, perhaps it is time for Pakistan to shift to a fully proportional system too.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PIDE Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PIDEIslamabad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-14T00:03:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-04-14T00:03:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/108-RRafiullah-Featured-Image.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1336\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"693\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"PIDE Blog\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@pidepk\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@pidepk\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"PIDE Blog\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"PIDE Blog\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c0649a060da0b1a9fceee522cfbdfd29\"},\"headline\":\"Should Pakistan Shift to a Proportional Representation Electoral System?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-14T00:03:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-14T00:03:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\"},\"wordCount\":905,\"commentCount\":3,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Election System\",\"Elections\",\"First Past the Post\",\"Multiple Member Constituencies\",\"Proportional System\",\"Single Member Districts\"],\"articleSection\":[\"All\",\"Cities and Local Government\",\"Pakistan\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pide.org.pk\/blog\/should-pakistan-shift-to-a-proportional-representation-electoral-system\/\",\"name\":\"Should Pakistan Shift to a Proportional Representation Electoral System? 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