Public Service: Through the Eyes of Civil Servants

At the time of Pakistan’s emergence on the world map, in 1947, Keynesian policies of activist government held sway over economic thinking in the capitalist world. The policy paradigm, established fol lowing the thinking of the time, was that the government had to lead development [Haque and Montiel (1994)]. The approach led to a long era of state-led development with role of the government considerably extended. The governments, in due course, discovered the political ad- vantages of expanding public sector employment