Program Introduction

The MPhil in Business Economics is a rigorous intellectual journey designed to cultivate a deep and nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between business and economic forces. Rooted in a chosen area of specialization, the program fosters the development of both analytical acumen and methodological dexterity—equipping students to engage critically and independently with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In a world shaped by relentless change and evolving societal demands, this program aspires to shape reflective practitioners and thought leaders. It offers not only a comprehensive grounding in business principles but also a discerning grasp of economic policy and the intricate challenges of governance, meeting the aspirations of those seeking to bridge academic depth with professional ambition.

Program Objectives

1. To inculcate to apply the basic analytical skills, business acumens and managerial decision-making tools vital for research-oriented business and policy decisions.
2. To introduce the students to apply the fundamentals of Micro and Macro Economics theory and practices to enhance their managerial skills.
3. To empower the students to evaluate the importance of scope of regional and international trade to Pakistan’s economy and evaluate the effects of government policy measures on
4. To apply economic theory and methodology to solve the commerce

Eligibility Criteria:

• Sixteen years of education, i.e., 4 years bachelor’s degree or its equivalent (M.A/M.Sc degree after a two year Bachelor’s degree) in Business Economics or other relevant discipline from an HEC recognized university or institute.
• Applicants must have at least a CGPA of 2.50 out of 4.00 (in the semester system) or at least a second division (45% marks under the annual system) in their last degree.
• Candidates who earned a ‘B’ grade (in the semester system) in their last degree will also be accommodated for admission into MPhil/MS programs at PIDE.
• A minimum of 50% marks in the HEC GRE/HAT general test.
• Applicants will be selected based on their performance in the HEC GRE/HAT test, interview, and academic record.
• The in-service applicants will be required to submit the No Objection Certificate issued by their employers before the beginning of the academic session.

Academic Program (MPhil Business Economics) Program Structure

Semester-wise Program Structure

• A student will qualify for thesis if he/she attains a minimum 3 CGPA in course work after completion of 2^nd semester (excluding Advance Research Methodology).

Core Courses

Elective Course (Economics Stream) 

Elective Course (Business Studies Stream) 

 COURSE DESCRIPTION CORE COURSES

BE-701 Economic Theory

 This course provides a rigorous foundation in both microeconomic and macroeconomic theory essential for advanced economic analysis and policy design. Microeconomics topics include consumer and producer theory, market structures, general equilibrium, and welfare economics. The macroeconomics component explores models of national income determination, inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policy, and long-term growth. Emphasis is placed on formal modeling, analytical reasoning, and applications to real-world economic issues.

BE-710 Business Modelling

This course equips graduate students with the knowledge and tools to design, analyze, and implement innovative business models across diverse industries. It covers foundational concepts such as value proposition, value delivery, and value capture while emphasizing strategic thinking, data-driven decision-making, and performance analysis. Students will examine established frameworks (e.g., Business Model Canvas, Porter’s Value Chain) as well as emerging models, including platform-based ecosystems, subscription models, circular economy models, servitization, and AI-driven business models. Through case studies and applied projects, participants will learn to evaluate existing business models, identify opportunities for optimization, and develop sustainable, technology-enabled models tailored to dynamic markets.

BE-715 Public-Private Partnerships

This course provides a comprehensive overview of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), exploring their theoretical foundations, institutional frameworks, and practical implementations. Students will examine the role of PPPs in infrastructure development and public service delivery, analyze risk-sharing mechanisms, financial structures, and regulatory challenges. Real-world case studies will highlight best practices, lessons learned, and the potential for PPPs to drive economic growth and efficiency. Emphasis is placed on developing policy-relevant insights and evaluating PPP projects from economic and governance perspectives.

BE-720 Operations Management

The course focuses on the basic concepts, issues, and techniques for efficient and effective operations. Special emphasis is placed on process improvement and supply chain management.Topics include operations strategy, product and service design, process design and analysis, capacity planning, lean production systems, materials and inventory management, quality management and six sigma, project management, and supply chain management.

BE-725 Data Driven Decision-Making and Optimization

This course is designed to equip students with analytical and computational tools for making effective, data-informed decisions in complex business and economic environments. It covers qualitative and quantitative data collection, visualization, and interpretation, alongside optimization techniques such as linear, nonlinear, and integer programming. Students will also learn how to apply decision analysis under uncertainty, sensitivity analysis, and scenario planning using tools such as Excel Solver, R, or Python. Emphasis is placed on real-world applications and actionable insights from data. The course combines theoretical instruction with practical case studies.

BE-730 Advance Research Methodology

Introduction to research in applied economics. The Role of Business Research. Research process and stages. Developing Research Proposals. Research framework and designs. Literature review and Referencing. Qualitative Research Techniques: Ethnography, Narrative Inquiry, Action research, Case study, Grounded theory, Content analysis. Primary data, Secondary data Quantitative Research Techniques: Descriptive, Experimental, Survey. Measurement and scaling. Data collection tools, Interviews, Questionnaire, Observation, Document analysis, Sampling and its types. Reliability and Validity .Ethical issues in research.

BE-735 Taxation and Fiscal Policy

Taxation and fiscal challenges, partial and general equilibrium analysis of taxation, optimal taxation and income distribution; income taxation, work-leisure choice, consumption-saving choice; expenditure policy and the macroeconomy, fiscal projections and multipliers, fiscal policy and inclusive growth, fiscal stance of an economy; Evolution of sovereign debt crisis, problems and issues; sovereign debt and growth, debt sustainability and management, debt restructuring.

FQ-701 Fehm ul Quran-I

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to Quranic linguistics, focusing on the first six units of Muallim ul Quran. Students will build a foundation by mastering sentences, basic vocabulary, and the present tense. The course emphasizes the mechanics of the language, including pronouns, plural types, and both operative and non-operative particles. By analyzing authentic examples, learners will gain the ability to navigate complex structures such as adjectival and possessive compounds.  It aims for students to understand 30% to 40% of each page of the Holy Quran with clarity.

FQ702- Fehm ul Quran-II

This advanced course focuses on achieving mastery over the linguistic complexities of the Quran, enabling students to directly comprehend verses with a high degree of independence. By developing a profound understanding of both basic and advanced Arabic grammar-specifically the nuances of past, present, and imperative verb forms-learners will bridge the gap between literal translation and contextual interpretation. This course aims to elevate comprehension levels to 80–85% of each page, providing the proficiency required to navigate diverse Quranic topics and grasp the meaning of lengthy, intricate verses without external aid.

ELECTIVE COURSES (ECONOMICS STREAM)

BE-740 Public Finance

Government Revenue and Expenditure; Public Debt; Taxation (including issues of ecotaxation); Feasibility and implications of Public Spending Policies; Financing or Government Spending: Finance through Taxation; Borrowing; and Money Creation. Major Issues Affecting each Tax System; the Issues of Equity, Efficiency, Stabilisation and Growth; Issues in Publicly Provided Goods; Public Debt Management; and Fiscal Transfer Systems; Fiscal Coordination; Vertical and Horizontal; Comparison of Systems; Developed and Underdeveloped Countries; Private Enterprise, and Socialist Economics.

BE-741 Monetary Economics

This course offers a comprehensive study of the role of money and monetary policy in the economy. Topics include the theories of money demand and supply, the structure and behavior of financial institutions, inflation dynamics, interest rate determination, and the tools of central banking. The course also covers advanced topics such as the monetary transmission mechanism, the inflation targeting framework, and monetary policy challenges in developing economies like Pakistan. Students will analyze empirical data and case studies to assess real-world policy effectiveness.

BE-742 International Trade

Ricardian model of comparative advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin model of factor proportions, Specific Factors model, Many Goods and Factors model, economies of scale and monopolistic competition, non-traded goods model, trade policy instruments (tariffs, quotas, subsidies), theories of protectionism, international factor mobility (labor and capital), gains from trade, terms of trade, trade and income distribution, trade and economic growth, trade agreements and regional integration, trade and the environment, empirical methods in trade analysis, gravity model of trade, trade and development, global value chains and offshoring, political economy of trade, trade and financial crises, trade and technology transfer, trade and intellectual property rights, trade and migration, trade and economic sanctions, trade and geopolitics, and trade and global governance institutions (WTO, IMF, World Bank)

BE-743 Industrial Policy

This course explores the evolution and role of industrial policy in economic development. It examines government strategies for promoting industrialization, correcting market failures, and enhancing competitiveness. Students will study instruments such as subsidies, tariffs, local content requirements, and technology development programs. Special emphasis is placed on global trends in industrial policy, the role of innovation and industrial clusters, and Pakistan’s industrial policy experience. The course blends theoretical insights with comparative country analysis.

BE-744 Resource Economics

This course focuses on the economic principles guiding the use, management, and conservation of natural resources. It covers topics such as optimal extraction of exhaustible resources, management of renewable resources, environmental externalities, sustainability, and policy tools like taxes, permits, and regulations. Students will evaluate issues related to water scarcity, energy resources, forest management, and mineral exploitation, with a particular emphasis on Pakistan’s environmental and resource management challenges.

BE-745 Agriculture Development

This course analyzes the transformation of the agricultural sector within the broader context of economic development. It examines topics such as agricultural productivity, land tenure systems, rural labor markets, food security, agribusiness, and climate change impacts. Policy issues related to input subsidies, price supports, irrigation systems, and agricultural extension services are critically reviewed. The course emphasizes the role of agriculture in poverty reduction, export promotion, and sustainable development in countries like Pakistan.

BE-746 Governance and Public Policy

Introduction to governance and its relationship with public policy, the role of government institutions in policy formulation and implementation, political economy of policy decisions, governance structures and their impact on policy outcomes, policy design and effectiveness, regulatory frameworks and the economics of regulation, the role of transparency, accountability, and corruption in governance, institutional capacity and the delivery of public goods, public-private partnerships and their role in policy implementation, the influence of international organizations on national policy, the politics of policy change, and the role of civil society in shaping public policy

BE-747 Public Policy Analysis

Introduction to public policy analysis and its methodologies, policy problem identification and framing, objectives and criteria for evaluating policies, quantitative and qualitative methods for policy analysis, cost-benefit analysis and its application in policy decisions, policy modeling and simulations, the role of stakeholders in policy formulation, economic tools for analyzing policy impacts (market failure, externalities, public goods), policy evaluation and performance measurement, policy design and implementation challenges, comparative analysis of public policies across different countries, the role of political and institutional factors in policy outcomes, and ethical considerations in policy analysis

BE-748 Regulatory Economics

Introduction to regulatory economics, market failures and the need for regulation, government intervention in markets, regulatory objectives and principles, price regulation (cost-plus pricing, price cap regulation), natural monopolies and public utilities, economic analysis of antitrust and competition policy, regulation of network industries (telecommunications, electricity, transport), environmental regulation and its economic impact, risk regulation and management, regulation of health and safety standards, deregulation and market liberalization, the role of regulatory agencies and their effectiveness, and the economics of regulation in developing economies

BE-750 Economics of Climate Change

Introduction to the economics of climate change, scientific foundations and economic implications of global warming, the role of greenhouse gases and carbon emissions in climate change, the economic impacts of climate change on sectors such as agriculture, health, and infrastructure, mitigation strategies (carbon pricing, emissions trading, carbon taxes), adaptation strategies and their costs, the role of technological innovation in combating climate change, the economics of renewable energy sources and energy transition, international climate agreements (Paris Agreement), the economics of climate justice and equity, modeling the costs and benefits of climate action, and the role of governments and international organizations in addressing climate change

BE-751 Climate Resilient Development

Students will explore approaches and tools underpinning the concept of climate resilient development, as well as its applications in policy and practice. The modules balance theoretical debates with practical case study examples from development policy and practice by relating development issues to climate change challenges. Topics covered include downscaling global

climate data and dealing with uncertainty, impact modelling and sectoral planning approaches, seasonal forecasts and early warning, conceptual insights: vulnerability, risk, uncertainty and resilience, national and international policy contexts, community-based adaptation (CBA) and national adaptation planning, climate change, migration and conflict, disaster risk reduction (DRR), mainstreaming and organizational change, adaptation delivery instruments, economics of adaptation and adaptation finance, low-carbon climate resilient development (LCCRD) etc.

BE-752 Topics in Pakistan Economy

Overview of Pakistan Economy, Economic Policy Architecture in Pakistan; Constitutional Foundations, Decision-making forums and organizations in the federal and provincial governments. State-Market Relations and Interactions; Firm-Market Relations. Regulatory Governance: The concept of market regulations, the state of affairs of Pakistan’s Regulators. Fiscal Policy and Public Debt Management and Sustainability Challenges. Finance and Capital Markets in Pakistan, Cities and Urbanization, Infrastructure Development and Governance. Entrepreneurship and the 4th Industrial Revolution. Labor force skill development.

BE-753 Energy Markets: Theory and Practice

Global energy landscape, reserves, production, and geopolitics; Oil market dynamics, its pricing and challenges; Natural gas markets and economic fundamentals; LNG market types, trading mechanisms, and pricing; Coal economy and its environmental implications; Electricity markets players and types of market products; wholesale and retail electricity market failures, pre-requisites and development constraints; energy versus capacity markets, bilateral contracts and trading plateform, Pakistan electricity market development and evolution, Competitive trading bilateral contract market (CTBCM); Balancing mechanisms for the electricity market; Energy laws, regulations and market development.

BE-754 Energy Economics and Policy

Economics of natural monopolies, renewable energy targets and carbon pricing, conservation and demand management, energy efficiency measures and standards, advancement in energy technology, role of innovation and technology in energy transition call mom energy sustainability and climate change, energy prices and tariff policies, energy subsidies and their economic implications, circular debt in electricity and gas sectors, economics of energy management, integrated energy planning call mom energy poverty and security, energy and economic growth, oil and gas prices and macro economy, modeling techniques for energy demand and supply, energy policy evaluation methods.

BE-755 Real Estate Economics

Introduction to real estate economics, supply and demand in the real estate market, factors influencing real estate prices, housing market cycles, real estate valuation methods (comparative market analysis, income approach, cost approach), real estate development and investment analysis, the role of credit and mortgage markets, land use regulations and zoning, the economics of urbanization and property development, real estate market dynamics (local, national, and international), real estate market efficiency, government policies and housing subsidies, taxation and its impact on real estate markets, commercial real estate markets, and economic implications of real estate bubbles and financial crises.

BE-756 Development Economics

Harrod-Domar and Neoclassical Models; Technical Progress; Optimum Savings, and the Golden Rule; Savings and Capital Accumulation Development Theories; Measuring Contributions to Growth; Population Growth; Labour and Employment; Investment in Human Capital; Entrepreneurship; Industrialization; the Choice of Technology; Agriculture and Agrarian Reforms; Development Strategies; Development, Equity, and Welfare; Food Aid, Saving Disincentives; Foreign Investment and MNCs; Decision Models; Balanced and Unbalanced Growth; Migration from LDCs; Political Economy of Trade and Development; North-South Models.

BE-757 Foundations in Transport Economics and Logistics

This course explores the economic principles underlying transportation systems, including supply and demand, pricing strategies, cost structures, and the role of government policies. Topics include transport modes, externalities, congestion, regulation, and investment decisions. Students will have a strong foundation in theoretical transport economics and analyze the impact of transportation on economic development and evaluate policy interventions for efficiency and sustainability.

BE-758 Applied Transport Economics

This course will discuss the complexities of the transport landscape, explaining how different modes of transport, their infrastructure and services, affect mobility, environment, trade, transit, growth of the economy, and the sector itself. Through interaction with speakers/practitioners from specific ministries/relevant fields, students will be able to assess the efficiency, regulations, and governance of each mode. Through the lens of different organizations, they will explore the integration of technology and innovation for smart solutions to overcome the challenges in the sector. A comparative overview of all the modes will provide a comprehensive understanding of the logistics and supply chains.

BE-760 Data Visualization

Introduction to data visualization and its importance in communicating complex data effectively, principles of data visualization design (clarity, simplicity, and accuracy), types of data visualizations (bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, heat maps, histograms, etc.), tools and software for visualization (Tableau, Power BI, Python libraries like Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly), best practices for visualizing different types of data (qualitative, quantitative, time series), data storytelling and its role in making data-driven decisions, visualizing multivariate data and relationships, interactive visualizations and dashboards, and ethical considerations in data presentation.

BE-761 Big Data Analysis

Introduction to big data and its significance in economics and business, characteristics of big data (volume, variety, velocity, and veracity), big data processing frameworks (Hadoop, Spark), data storage and retrieval methods (NoSQL databases, data lakes), tools for big data analysis (Python, R, SQL, and machine learning libraries), data cleaning and preparation techniques for large datasets, statistical methods for analyzing big data (regression analysis, clustering, classification), big data visualization techniques, predictive analytics and machine learning applications in big

data, challenges in big data analysis (privacy, security, computational costs), and applications of big data analysis in marketing, finance, health care, and public policy.

ELECTIVE COURSES (BUSINESS STEAM)

BE-765 Financial Theory

The aim of this course to develop understanding about the role of financial markets and the economy, depository institutes, investment banks, insurance companies, pension funds and investment companies, derivative market: futures and options and instruments, equity markets and instruments, debt markets and instruments, foreign exchange markets, global financial markets. The subject will cover all the major theories of investment and corporate finance includes efficient market theory, asset pricing theory, Investment in capital market, portfolio theory (portfolio selection and portfolio analysis), dividend decisions, capital structure decisions, cost of capital and taxation issue.

BE-766 Cases in Corporate Finance

In this course important concepts from capital market theory by considering real world case studies. Thus, the course aims at closing the gap between financial theory and practice. It highlights the immediate applicability of the – at first glance – purely theoretical results. The course concentrates on methods and concepts relevant to the corporate finance business of banks (i.e. M&A, debt and equity issuance). Class participants are expected to discuss cases in small study groups and develop possible solutions to problems described therein. The main topics will cover the following aspects through Case studies, Corporate Financing Decisions, Uncertainty, Portfolio Choice, Capital Asset Pricing Model, Discounted Cash Flow Approach (DCF) to Company Valuation, Financial Planning, The Cost of Capital, Estimating the Cost of Capital, Project Valuation, Financing M&A Transactions, Leveraged Recapitalization.

BE-767 Investment & Corporate Portfolio

This course focuses on investment strategies and portfolio management for corporate entities and institutional investors. Topics include security analysis, portfolio theory, asset pricing models, diversification, and risk-return trade-offs. Practical applications of portfolio construction, evaluation, and management using real-time data are emphasized.

BE-768 Financial Markets & Institutions

This course provides an analytical overview of financial markets and institutions, highlighting their structure, functions, and regulatory frameworks. Students will explore the roles of commercial banks, investment banks, insurance firms, mutual funds, and central banks. Topics include interest rate determination, risk management, financial innovations, and financial system stability. The course pays special attention to financial sector development in emerging markets, including regulatory and institutional challenges in Pakistan.

BE-771 International Finance

This course examines financial management in the global context. Key topics include foreign exchange markets, exchange rate determination, international parity conditions, balance of payments, and multinational capital budgeting. It also covers the risks and strategies associated with operating across borders, including hedging and global financing decisions.

BE-772 Fundamentals of FinTech

This module aims to introduce students to the fundamental concepts in FinTech and its impact on investors, the financial services industry, markets and the global economy. It explores the on-going developments, issues, and debates and pinpoints the importance of FinTech and related concepts for different stakeholders. More specifically, this course will cover various important financial technologies and innovations, including investment and financing technologies such as P2P lending and crowdfunding, payment technologies such as mobile payments, wealth management technologies such as robo-advisors, blockchain technologies such as cryptocurrencies, and other technologies such as InsurTech and RegTech. At the successful completion of this module students should be able to understand and critically evaluate issues on FinTech, Blockchain, value creation and related concepts and link their understanding with the recent developments in the global digital economy in general, and the financial services industry, in particular.

BE-773 Decision Analytics for FinTech

This course aims to introduce decision analytics instruments and their applications in FinTech. Main topics covered in this course include basic probability and statistics, predictive analytics, prescriptive analytics such as linear programming integer programming, dynamic programming and sequential decision making, stochastic models, quality control, Monte Carlo simulation, game theory, and their applications in various areas of FinTech.

BE-774 International Marketing

This course explores marketing strategies for global markets. Topics include global market entry, international branding, cross-cultural consumer behavior, international product development, pricing strategies, global distribution, and promotion. The course emphasizes adaptation vs. standardization strategies and the impact of international trade regulations on marketing.

BE-775 Corporate Governance

This course explores the systems, principles, and practices that shape governance in corporate entities. Topics include board structure and responsibilities, shareholder rights, stakeholder engagement, transparency and disclosure, executive compensation, and legal frameworks. The course highlights corporate governance failures and reforms through case studies and emphasizes the role of governance in enhancing firm performance, attracting investment, and reducing financial risk—especially within emerging market settings.

BE-776 Managerial Economics

This course applies microeconomic theory and quantitative tools to managerial decision-making. Topics include demand forecasting, production and cost analysis, pricing strategies under different

market structures, and decision-making under uncertainty. Students will also engage with concepts of game theory, risk analysis, and cost-benefit frameworks. Real-world case studies and business scenarios are used to enhance practical understanding, equipping students with analytical tools to solve complex managerial problems.

BE-777 Advanced Topics in Managerial Economics

This course delves into contemporary issues and complex decision-making scenarios in managerial economics. Topics may include pricing under uncertainty, auction theory, asymmetric information, behavioral economics, and regulatory economics. The course encourages the use of case studies and quantitative models for strategic analysis.

BE-780 Marketing Management

Marketing is the core of an operating business. It is an organizational philosophy and a set of guiding principles for interfacing with customers, competitors, collaborators, and the environment. Marketing entails planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services. It starts with identifying and measuring consumers’ needs and wants, assessing the competitive environment, selecting the most appropriate customer targets and developing marketing strategy and implementation program for an offering that satisfies consumers’ needs better than the competition. Marketing is the art and science of creating customer value and market place exchanges that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.

BE-781 New Product Development

This course focuses on the processes and strategies involved in developing new products from concept to market. Topics include product design, innovation management, product lifecycle, market testing, commercialization, and post-launch evaluation. Students learn how firms manage risk and creativity to bring successful innovations to market.

BE-782 Advance Marketing Strategy

Advanced Market Strategy is designed to help you develop the knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to create and implement market strategy. This course comprises three main pillars intellectual content; Hands-on decision-making via the Digital Markstrat simulation; Final capstone marketing project. The course builds upon core marketing course – BE-797. The course goal is to prepare students to make, or support those who make, critical strategic marketing decisions in today’s modern corporation – established firms and entrepreneurial start-ups. Course content is particularly relevant for students who seek responsibility for developing, supporting, executing, and/or assessing market strategy as owners, employees, consultants. Specific course objectives include: Providing insight into market strategy development roles at high organization levels; enhancing knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to understand and apply critical frameworks, concepts, methods for developing effective market strategy; gaining practical experience in applying systems, processing to develop market strategy; discussing internal and external barriers to strategy implementation, approaches for overcoming these barriers; enhancing skills in verbal and written persuasive communications.

BE-783 Digital Marketing Strategy

Digital Marketing Strategy will equip students with the latest tactics, tools, and trends to acquire and retain customers, position their brand for success, and develop data-driven strategies. They will understand how marketing has evolved and what’s ahead based on real-world insights from brands, agencies, expert practitioners, and faculty; define the right objectives, metrics, target audiences, and value proposition to position your product or service for success; discover how to acquire and retain customers through paid, owned, and earned media; gain frameworks and tools you can apply to your organization’s digital marketing strategy; develop approaches for attribution, budget allocation, and calculating customer lifetime value; and explore customer engagement techniques, including personalization, storytelling, and community building.

BE-784 Human Resource Management

This course covers strategic and operational aspects of managing human capital. It includes recruitment, performance management, compensation, training and development, organizational behavior, and HR policy formulation. The course also discusses HRM in the context of globalization, labor laws, and changing workforce dynamics.

BE-785 Industrial Relation

This course examines the relationships among workers, employers, and regulatory institutions. Topics include trade unionism, collective bargaining, labor-management conflict, labor policies, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on the legal and institutional framework of industrial relations in Pakistan and comparative systems worldwide.

BE-786 Human Resource Analytics

With advances in technology and generative AI, there are now numerous data sources available to guide decision-making and drive organizational success. Harvesting the right kind of data requires that HR teams possess strong analytical skills; high-performing HR teams know that their function is to leverage data as a “decision science” by identifying metrics and data sources that deliver organizational insights. In order to do so, HR must ensure that metrics and measures are used effectively to achieve strategic goals. This course focuses on identifying effective data sources, developing meaningful metrics, designing long-term measures, and applying results in support of organizational strategy and tactics. This course explores the Human Resources Metric Life Cycle, which includes the analysis of the employee life cycle, HR agility, and the various types of metrics used to measure and drive business outcomes. It dives deep into three different types of metrics – staffing, training, and rewards metrics and explore the various HR functions and the role these functions play in the success of recruiting, hiring, and retaining quality hires. It also looks at the key metrics that serve as business drivers for all three types of metrics. In advance modules, the fundamentals of Generative AI and its use in HR functions are studied besides implementation of best practices to integrate AI tools into HR workflows ethically.

BE-787 Labour Markets Analysis

This course examines the legal and institutional framework governing labor markets. It covers labor standards, employment contracts, collective bargaining, occupational health and safety, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Students will study Pakistan’s labor legislation and compare it

with international labor standards, particularly those of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The course also explores the economic implications of labor law, informal employment, and the balance between labor rights and economic competitiveness.

BE-791 Banks Management

This course provides insights into the functioning and management of commercial banks. It covers bank operations, credit management, asset-liability management, regulatory compliance, risk management, and financial innovations. The course also explores the role of banking in economic growth and financial stability.

BE-792 Portfolio Management

This course builds expertise in managing individual and institutional investment portfolios. Topics include portfolio theory, asset allocation, investment policy statements, performance evaluation, and behavioral finance. Emphasis is placed on using quantitative methods and financial models for portfolio optimization.

BE-793 Supply Chain Management

This course introduces strategies for managing the flow of goods, services, and information across the supply chain. Topics include logistics, procurement, inventory management, demand forecasting, distribution networks, and supply chain coordination. The course emphasizes efficiency, resilience, and integration across global supply chains.

BE-794 Taxation Management

This course covers the principles and practices of taxation with a focus on corporate tax planning and compliance. It includes income tax, sales tax, withholding tax, transfer pricing, tax incentives, and international tax treaties. The course also addresses the impact of taxation on business decisions and economic efficiency. The course is designed to reflect the need to exercise professional judgement and provide relevant information and advice to individuals and businesses on the impact of major taxes on financial decisions and situations. Students will be able to apply relevant knowledge and skills and exercise professional judgement in providing relevant information and advice to individuals and businesses on the impact of the major taxes on financial decisions and situations. Pertinent skills in this course include application and advising on tax liabilities of businesses; recognition and explanation of ethical and legal issues arising in taxation scenarios; tax planning, treatments and minimization of liabilities; policy formulation in context of national tax policy; understanding about the tax digital economy; identify and practice the national and international ethical practices for corporate entities.

BE-795 Change Management

This course explores theories and strategies for managing organizational change. It covers change models, resistance to change, leadership during transformation, communication strategies, and organizational culture. Students develop skills to design and implement change initiatives effectively in dynamic business environments.

BE-796 Business Analysis

This course equips students with analytical tools and frameworks to assess business problems and support strategic decision-making. It covers SWOT analysis, financial analysis, performance metrics, stakeholder analysis, and business modeling. The course emphasizes the integration of data and strategy for evidence-based decision-making.

BE-799 Thesis