Pakistan produced 55 million tonnes of buffalo and cow milk during 2019-20. The estimated potential production is much higher—at the research station level, the estimated potential is 82 million tonnes, while the maximum breed potential is 110 million tonnes. Several factors, including; low return for dairy farmers, credit constraints, the low genetic potential of milking animals, the absence of a formal milk marketing system, lack of healthcare for milking animals, insufficient/ improper feeding, and lack of research, constrains opportunities in the dairy sector.